Protestant Reformation Free Essays

Before his demise at the Second Battle of Kappel (Capel) on October 1, 1531, at 47 years old, Zwingli had achieved much in the method of building up the religious philosophy of the developing Protestant confidence. While Zwingli and Luther may have concurred on numerous purposes of the confidence one zone of significant division was over the nearness of Christ’s body in the Communion. Luther held to the conviction that when one participated in the bread and wine that, while the bread and wine didn't change into the body and blood of Christ, the body and blood were available with them to feed the devotee. We will compose a custom exposition test on Protestant Reformation or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Zwingli, then again solidly accepted that that bread and the wine and the activities going with them in the Communion were carefully representative of a progressively otherworldly reality. 6 According to Lindsay, the Fourth proposal at the Bern Disputation of 1 528 states that, † it can't be demonstrated from the Scripture that the Body and Blood of Christ are generously and physically got in the Eucharist. 7 With this, Zwingli would concur. While Zwingli was not ready to go separate ways completely with the Catholic Church concerning newborn child sanctification he was an enthusiastic supporter of permitting the pastorate to wed. In a gathering wherein Zwingli had created sixty-seven postulations to be introduced and discussed he stated, † I am aware of no more prominent nor graver outrage than that which restricts legal union with clerics, but then allows them on installment of cash to have courtesans and prostitutes. Fie for disgrace! â€Å"8 There were numerous region of contradiction between the Reformers and the built up Church, for example, who should manage and ake laws overseeing botn church and state. Zwingli maintained the privilege ot the state to make laws and oversee religion yet in addition permitted the individuals to ascend and oppose the decision parties if vital. This was in extraordinary difference to the stand taken by the Anabaptist in later years. In spite of the fact that changes were delayed in coming and by and large were hard won, significant changes were occurring with respect to how the congregation was to be represented, who was to get the cup and bread, regardless of whether clerics were permitted to wed, just as numerous other religious issues. One gathering that came to fruition as a procedure of Zwingli’s lessons, however they did ot feel that Zwingli had conveyed sacred writing or the change of the congregation to its obvious end result, was the Anabaptists. In spite of the fact that frequently alluded to as â€Å"rebaptizers† because of their reluctance to acknowledge newborn child sanctification or absolutions performed by the Catholic Church, they would â€Å"re-baptize† those people. The Anabaptists themselves didn't accept they were re-purifying through water individuals since they had not been scripturally submersed in any case. 9 Wanting to reestablish the congregation to what they trusted it was in the primary century, disciples were more precisely â€Å"restorationists† than reformationists. Called Radical Reformers they were viewed as unorthodox and dissident by the Catholic Church just as other Protestant gatherings for their dismissal of the built up houses of worship. Accepting that every other confidence had defiled the Word of God and the practices built up in Scripture Anabaptists parted from cooperation with different adherents. One of the primary powers of the Anabaptist development was Thomas Muntz er. He composed a few blistering assaults against Luther, in one tract calling Luther, † the unspiritual delicate living tissue in Wittenberg, whose theft and bending of Scripture has so horrifyingly contaminated our pathetic Christian Church. In he same tract he called Luther â€Å"Father Pussyfoot,† â€Å"Dr. Liar† and â€Å"the Pope of Wittenberg. â€Å"11 in this manner fortifying the discontent and partition between the Anabaptists and different gatherings of Protestants. Change was happening over numerous pieces of Europe. Men like Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli were endeavoring to right what they accepted were the wrongs and monstrosities being constrained on the individuals by a degenerate Church and country. The Catholic Church and the Emperors or rulers for the duration of the hour of the Reformation kept on opposing the educating of changed philosophy, even to the point of executing the individuals who might not abnegate their â€Å"unacceptable† sees . Every so often gatherings (Diets) were brought trying to determine a significant number of the issues between the built up chapel, the ruler , and the reformers. In light of Luther’s posting of his 95 postulations, in which he publically tested and censure a considerable lot of the acts of the Catholic Church, on the entryway of Wittenberg church, an ecclesiastical bull was given expelling Luther from the Catholic Church. Luther publically consumed the ecclesiastical bull on a blaze, fundamentally opposing the authority of the Pope himself. An eating regimen was called by Emperor Charles V. Held, April 16-May 25, 1521 in Worms, Germany it was expected to decide whether Luther was a blasphemer. Luther was under the feeling that it was a consultation to examine or discuss his convictions, incredibly he was introduced a portion of his compositions and order to abjure. In Luther’s reaction that he couldn't except if he was persuaded that he wasn't right. One aftereffect of this Diet was the giving of the Edict of Worms, which censured Luther as a, â€Å"heretic and an outlaw,† and directed that he be captured and his books consumed. 2 While Luther battled in the tight tor reality in Germany, Zwingli was having more achievement in Zurich. In the first of four gatherings, known as the Zurich Disputation in 529, Zwingli introduced his 67 proposals which denounced a considerable lot of confinements and practices of the pastorate. He accepted that the Bible was its own position and the Church didn't give it force and truth. Jesus was the unparalleled method to get to God the Father, the Pope didn't have extreme control over every single otherworldly issue, and works can't accomplish merit, for salvation, through their benevolent acts. 3 His works were generally welcomed and the Council would place into rehearses a portion of his suggestions. Other striking occasions, however there are many, would be the Augsburg Confession, and The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre on August 24, 1572. The first was composed by Melanchthon, which spread out the essential convictions of confidence for the reformers. Introduced at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 it was dismissed by the Catholic sovereign yet received by the Lutheran church as their essential report of confidence. 14 St. Bartholomew’s slaughter was an endeavor by Catherine de’ Medici to conceal a death of Admiral Coligny by Catherine and the Duke of Guise. Frightful that an examination would uncover her part in the arrangement and that the Huguenots expanding viciousness, she requested a slaughter of the Huguenots assembled in Paris at that point. 15 Before the contention was more than a huge number of Huguenots had been killed or passed on from starvation. As has just been referenced, a portion of the more notable works of the transformation incorporate the sixty-seven theories by Zwingli. https://global.oup.com/scholastic/item/zwingli-9780198263630?cc=ualang=en https://books.google.com/ https://www.liberty.edu/on the web/ Instructions to refer to Protestant Reformation, Papers

The Song with no Motive and the Songwriter without a Clue

Dissecting tunes must be one of the least satisfying undertakings, since it is in every case hard to make sense of not just what thought the writer attempted to get over, yet in addition whether the author’s thought is a higher priority than the translation of the audience.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Song with no Motive and the Songwriter without a Clue explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various ways of thinking that give different responses to the given inquiry. Some state that the author’s expectation is the main substantial translation; others guarantee that, when the work is discharged, it is available to analysis and can be seen through the crystal of different people’s vision. Subsequently the vagueness concerning the â€Å"Omie Wise† comes. In spite of the fact that the issue raised by Anna Domino isn't unreasonably enormous, it despite everything offers an intriguing contemplative into t he author’s universe. The very truth that the writer picked composing a letter as the way to pass on her message to the crowd makes the story told in the tune of a similar name look incredibly genuine and, accordingly, contacting. The creator, consequently, brings up an exceptionally curious issue, asking her crowd whether the main character of a melody ought to be seen as a special character or a conventional image[1]. While the last is simpler to identify with, since it permits actually any audience to locate various purposes of contact with the picture being referred to, making a special character that has singular character characteristics and, thusly, can be viewed as a convincing character is without a doubt a substantially more fascinating and certainly additionally testing task. Albeit a nonexclusive character ensures a moment achievement of a melody, being entirely relatable, a one of a kind character will enable the crowd to advance by representing various moral inq uiries and life decisions to its crowd. Offering a new gander at the old character, the writer of the article focuses on the centrality of a character that the crowd can relate to. Another piece of data from The Rose and the Briar that was intended to leave an impression, the story behind â€Å"Pretty Polly† described by Rennie Sparks likewise merits being referenced as the issue that gives a great deal of nourishment for considerations. As the writer asserts, the melody doesn't have any thought process at all, which makes one wonder whether a tune can exist outside the essential standards of songwriting, for example, the requirement for a reasonable intention. From one perspective, the given thought appears to be totally ludicrous †being one of the key components of any tune by definition, a rationale sets the mind-set for the tune, makes the climate and welcomes the crowd into its domain, also the way that an intention makes it feasible for a band or a performer to pla y the tune. â€Å"Pretty Polly,† be that as it may, refutes the given principle, as Sparks demands, telling about a tune â€Å"cut from its unique epic length to frame a lean, secretive and ruthless society song†[2].Advertising Looking for article on workmanship and structure? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Described as a tune without a thought process by the creator, it peculiarly makes a captivating story canvas, hauling the crowd into it and making pictures in ones’ head; which is significantly all the more fascinating, these pictures change into bits of a riddle that fall into their places as the melody loosens up. The given as a matter of fact interesting wonder makes one wonder whether intention is that significant for a tune. Albeit customarily, a thought process should be the magic that binds a melody, in the realm of current music, different components of a tune can play out the given capacity . For example, the creator of a melody can evidently depend exclusively on music, abandoning the story. Subsequently, the idea of famous music is extended to reach to the old style music, in which rationale is as entangled as a novel plot. Book index Domino, Anna. â€Å"Naomi Wise, 1807.† In The Rose and the Briar: Death, Love and Liberty in the American Ballad, ed. Sean Wilentz and Greil Marcus, 69â€80, New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2010. Sparkles, Rennie. â€Å"Pretty Polly.† In The Rose and the Briar: Death, Love and Liberty in the American Ballad, ed. Sean Wilentz and Greil Marcus, 35â€50, New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2010. References .Anna Domino, â€Å"Naomi Wise, 1807,† In The Rose and the Briar: Death, Love and Liberty in the American Ballad, ed. Sean Wilentz and Greil Marcus (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2010), 70. . Rennie Sparks, â€Å"Pretty Polly,† in The Rose and the Briar: Death, Love and Liberty in the American Ballad, ed. Sean Wilentz a nd Greil Marcus (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2010): 35. This exposition on The Song with no Motive and the Songwriter without a Clue was composed and presented by client Nixon Kirkland to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

The 3 Books I Buy for My Friends Babies

The 3 Books I Buy for My Friends’ Babies I seem to be hitting that phase in life where everyone around me is having babies. Typically I am far out of my comfort zone when it comes to small humans. Though I was once a babysitter/nanny extraordinaire, that was over a decade ago, and I’ve lost my knack for it completely. Now, I’m that awkward adult who tries to make small talk with a two-year-old as if they were coworkers at the officeâ€"how was the traffic getting here, child? This is probably why I turn to books in these situations. Because as it turns out, even without any children (or plans for them) in my future, I have very strong   opinions on the books you should be collecting when you’re expecting. Shall we? Go, Dog. Go by PD Eastman This is the apparently lesser-known title from Are You My Mother? author PD Eastman, and another wonder of non sequitor storytelling, featuring dogs of all colors and sizes in an unpredictable range of delightfully absurd situations. Beyond that is a saga of a dog and her hat that is bound to stick with you. This book inspired at least one essay on individualism, and in my family, it also inspired the longstanding quip, “Go around again,” for no particular reason that any of us can really identify, other than that it is a line that exists in this book. Eloise by  Kay Thompson and Hilary Knight No book collection is complete without a few standout misbehaving girls. Eloise is the queen of these characters. From her wild imagination, brash attitude, and penchant for crossing the line, she has no respect at all for authority in any form. Most of all, I like to think about what happened to Eloise when she grew up. A collection of traits that may not make her a model young woman by society’s measure but would damn sure be great to have as a boss. Hopefully she found her corner office. If You Give a Mouse a Cookie by  Laura Numeroff I once thought this book to be as ubiquitous as the Cat in the Hat. Sadly I have discovered over many very awkward references that no one understood that an “if you give a mouse a cookie situation” is really not something understood by just anyone. It continues to be an excellent measuring stick for identifying kindred spirits, however. Sign up to The Kids Are All Right to receive news and recommendations from the world of kid lit and middle grade books.

Environmental Degradation and Its Effect on Indian Economy

Iyengar sanjay ! ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ITS EFFECT ON INDIAN ECONOMY The environmental problems in India are growing rapidly. The increasing economic development and a rapidly growing population that has taken the country from 300 million people in 1947 to more than one billion people today is putting a strain on the environment, infrastructure, and the country’s natural resources. Industrial pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and land degradation are all worsening problems. Overexploitation of the countrys resources be it land or water and the industrialization process has resulted environmental degradation of resources. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems†¦show more content†¦Nearly 12 million hectares of pasturelands are also substantially degraded. Thus, a total of 132 million hectares representing 40 per cent of the countrys total landmass have productivity well below their potential (Tejwani Yadav, 1998). Causes of land degradation The main causes of land degradation are deforestation, ignorance of soil conservation practices, extension of cultivation to marginal lands, improper crop rotation, imbalanced fertiliser use, surface irrigation ironically designed to increase land productivity, rapid growth in population, paucity of land, economic pressures and poverty. Air Pollution The World Health Organization estimates that about two million people die prematurely every year as a result of air pollution, while many more suffer from breathing ailments, heart disease, lung infections and even cancer.Fine particles or microscopic dust from coal or wood fires and unfiltered diesel engines are rated as one of the most lethal forms or air pollution caused by industry, transport, household heating, cooking and ageing coal or oil-fired power stations. There are four reasons of air pollution are - emissions from vehicles, thermal power plants, industries and refineries. The problem of indoor air pollution in rural areas and urban slums has increased. A latest example industrial pollution is the leak of chlorine gas in Mumbai. On July 14, 2010 nearly 76 people were treated inShow MoreRelatedSummary Of A Plague Of Sheep By Elinor Melville1558 Words   |  7 PagesA commentary on â€Å"A Plague of Sheep† In her book, â€Å"A Plague of Sheep,† Elinor Melville argues that it was not environmental inevitability, but human choice that caused the ecological degradation of the Valle del Mezquital. She outlines the environmental characteristics of the valley in Mexico before and after the colonial conquest of the region. Melville furthers her argument through the analysis of another region in Australia and the stratification of the conquest process. 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On the other hand, Indian became world’s eleventh largest by nominal GDP (Gross domestic product) and third largest by the PPP (Purchasing power parity) after India became an independent nation in 1947. The first 45 years after the independence andRead MoreWhat s The Big `` Fracking `` Deal? Essay1913 Words   |  8 PagesState of Wyoming v. United States Dept. of the Interior, the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming ruled on challenges to the â€Å"Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) issuance of regulations applying to hydraulic fracturing on federal and Indian lands.† The District of Wyoming held that the â€Å"Fracking Rule† issued by the BLM was not promulgated with the proper authority based on the unrelated Safe Wat er Drinking Act (SDWA). I. â€Å"FRACKING†: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY Since the earlyRead MorePotiential Future Effects of Global Warming1834 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 21st century. The impacts of climate change are visible everywhere, whether its melting glaciers, rising sea level, severe storms, heavy flooding, reduced snowfall in the north and a severe drought in the south. It will also have a number of effects on the flora and fauna in the future. Scientists predict that global warming in the near future may cause a mass extinction of wildlife, affecting more than 1 million species, i.e. about a quarter of all kinds of currently known. World overheatingRead MoreThe Belize Barrier Reef System1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe respective development for the tourists, ocean pollution has damaged many of species that live in Belize Reef. While the government has imposed a national reservation on the area that protects it from human destruction, it simply has not had the effect expected. On the Glover Reef, a research facility was created to gain a better u nderstand of coral in the area and the best way to protect it. The hopeful future is that the research project gives scientist insight on how to protect the entirety of

Technical And Design Package For Navy Technical Bureau (...

Achieve Results: Achieving results was a huge priority during my period with Navy technical Bureau (NTB) as an Engineering officer. My key achievements were effective use of organisational resources, organisation improvement activities, managing changes and deliver intended results. My personal role was to provide support in maintaining the technical integrity of the MWV by reviewing the technical and design packages (certification basis and certification plan). Deficiencies were identified among the packages, when overlooked it may end up in delivering maritime material that is not fit for purpose, posing threat to personnel and environment. The deficiency was that the traceability of the certification requirement was lost in the packages. A plan was established to engage all the relevant technical expertise to seek their professional advice on how to deal with the issues in their area of practise. Based on their advice I went gathering information within the design packages that was misleading and traced the functional requirement back to the Capability Needs Statement (CNS) and Operational Concept Document (OCD) for verification process. This helped me to identify the misleading functional requirement statement and document it for the project to validate the requirement input. As part of the evolving seaworthy reforms to improve technical integrity assurance process of the maritime capability, the requirement traceability strategy among the technical and design

Thinking Outside the Idiot Box Free Essays

Dana Stevens’ essay, â€Å"Thinking outside the Idiot Box†, was first published in Slate on March 25, 2005, is a counter argument to â€Å"Watching TV Makes You Smarter† an article written my Steven Johnson that says watching complicated TV shows make you smarter when in reality you’re just watching complicated TV shows. She mainly disagrees with Johnson’s opinion that figuring out the complicated plots of the TV shows sharpens one’s cognitive skills. In her view, those entangled plots not only compel one to watch even more TV, they also weaken one’s skills to think because many shows overload one’s mind with quick-paced facts. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Outside the Idiot Box or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stevens 295-6) She also states that Johnson overlooks the Muslim terrorist and tortures in the show â€Å"24†. She points out that many people think watching TV is ok especially if it’s a nature show. Stevens also discusses a trip to the airport where she saw quite a few people surrounding a nature showing. The author contemplated whether or not the nature show was acceptable because travelers were still â€Å"spacing out† while watching it, so what is the difference between violent shows like â€Å"Animal Face Off† which contains bloods guts and gore and a â€Å"regular† nature show is peaceful and entertaining. Stevens 297) She is wondering why â€Å"spacing out† is ever positive: â€Å"A football game in a bar is zapworthy, but spacing out to leopards in the Qantas terminal is A-OK? † (Stevens 297). Next she says that children are fresh meat for the marketing industries by making shows that catch their eye. She is basically claimin g that there are many people who are offended by many things, and each person needs to be sensitive to what they play on their TVs. In conclusion, Stevens believes that TV is neither beneficial nor it is harmful for our minds; it is only there to entertain us. (298) How to cite Thinking Outside the Idiot Box, Papers

Article Review and Presentation for Development- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theArticle Review and Presentation for Sustainable Development. Answer: Introduction The article enhances the clarity of the personnel regarding the importance of business models in the business activities. As a matter of specification, the focus of the article is on licensing for the technologies, which the downstream specialists use for the performing the allocated projects. Strategic approach towards licensing the technologies helps the personnel to keep a track of their utilization (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). Along with this, the strategies enable the personnel with innovative strategies to maintain the pace in the competitive ambience with the contemporary brands. Review of the strategies helps in the creation of the knowledge based assets, which lures the candidates towards the brands. This creation can be considered as one of the prospective means for the recruitment and selection process. Along with this, modifications in the identified strategies help the personnel to assess its effectiveness in terms of the values, which the technologies hold for the downstream specialists. Here, adherence to the business model proves effective in terms of exposing proper attitude towards developing policies for the license (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). This adherence nullifies the aspects of unpredictability. However, the personnel need to expose a conscious attitude towards the utilization of the technologies by the downstream specialists. Negligent attitude towards the specialist performance would make the courtly interventions inevitable. Envisioning innovation within the theoretical perspectives helps the industry personnel to achieve infrastructural development. Maintaining consistency in this innovation improves the organizational capability. The article points the fact that the firms undertaking business models for shaping the organizations emerge as legends in the competitive ambience. This success improves their confidence in terms of inspiring their associate partners to follow business models (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). Seeking innovative means for enhancing the self-efforts reflects the inner essence of the word legend in case of the companies and organizations. The focus of the article is on firms like Google and Apple computers, who are known as the business model innovators. The major drive behind this innovation is improving the relationship with the customers. Next, the article sheds light on the importance of business model. According to business terminology, business model possesses flexibility for the companies and organizations to generate high sales revenue and add maximum value to the profit margin. Here the main determinants need to be reasonable cost for creating and capturing value in an efficient and effective manner (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). According to critiques, business model reflects the hypothetical attitude of the managers regarding the satisfaction of the needs, demands and requirements of the customers effectively. Effective and judicious utilization of the resources helps the firm to generate high profit. The major drive behind this is the activities, which makes a clear demarcation between the operating cost and the revenue. Herein lays the appropriateness of strategies. Commercialization of the assets reflects the approach of the firms towards using business models. Here, the article takes the example of Certicom, where mapping the prospective avenues of knowledge-based assets has been the patent activity for achieving competitive advantage. With the advancement of civilization and science, many scientific discoveries have taken place, which possess flexibility for the technological licenses to achieve a better placement in the competitive ambience of the market (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). However, there are challenges, which act as an obstacle for the firm personnel in terms of measuring the applications of the general-purpose technology. Countering this, the operations of the firms are not general; instead, they are specific to the requirements of the firm. As the competitions become intense, there would be advancements in the approaches towards the efficient execution of the business activities in terms of reaching up to the expectation of the customers. This perspective redefines the parameter of research and development in the firms. Evaluation of the current strategies holds flexibility for the firm personnel to think out of the box and come up with something creative (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). One of the other challenges here is absence of predictability. This occurs due to the lack of oriental approach of the personnel towards fulfilling the identified and specified goals and objectives. This absence compels the firm personnel to lag behind the contemporaries in terms of assessing whether the provided license proves effective for commercializing the technical avenues of the downstream specialists. The article makes special mention of forecasting in case of the technological licensing, one wrong step can make the firms fall prey into scandals. Contribution of the current business model in decision-making process for the managers The main aim behind undertaking business model is to create and capture maximum value through the provision of cheaper costs. Exposing a strategic approach towards adherence to business model yields positive results (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). Delving deep into the aspect of decision-making, theoretical approach plays an important role. For example, current business model involves a detailed research regarding the effective utilization of the organizational resources for catering to the needs, demands and requirements of the stakeholders. Herein lays the need for effective decision-making. The section of revenue stream assessment is directly related with the decisions regarding the achievement of financial flexibility. Undertaking the classical model of decision-making helps the firm personnel in evaluating the specified enterprise for catering to the needs and requirements of the stakeholders. This evaluation includes assessment of the revenue, which the enterprises are receiving for this job (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). Innovations in business model relates with the quest of the firm personnel in terms of upgrading the standards and quality of their performance. Herein, commercialization of the firm assets indicates experimentation with the existing technological license for speculating the audience approach. These experiments can alter the traditionalism of the firm however; adherence and compliance to the values would keep the traditionalism intact. Rational thinking in these experiments assists the firm managers to achieve positive results in securing the market position within the competitive ambience (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). Perceiving this aspect from the technological aspect, rising technology relates with the modern designs in the technological gadgets. Along with this, there has also been a rise in the licenses, which the employees have been provided for utilizing the technologies. Along with this, there has also been a rise in the instances of cyber crimes, compelling the firms to los e their confidential data. In view of all these aspects, license acts as a legal document for the firms in terms of averting such illegal instances. In the present scenario, the firms sell rights to the associate partners instead of undertaking direct marketing for the technological licensing. This has adversely affected the relationship between the firms, stalling the productivity (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). Delving deep into the issue, this aspect compels the managers to re-conduct the decision-making process regarding the selecting the stakeholders, that is, the enterprises. In most of the cases, it has been seen that the firms face challenge regarding licensing for the technological parameter. One of these challenges is convincing the licensee to buy a technology, which is not used by the supplier. This attaches an interrogative parameter to the orders placed to the suppliers regarding the licenses for using the technologies. Viewing it from the other perspective, this kind of instigations is a breach of contract, which compels the managers of the firms to put on their thinking caps in terms of deciding the compensation val ues (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). It can be said that narratives related to licensing of technology represents the approach of the firm personnel behind bringing innovation in the business models. Application of rational thinking in these innovations possesses enough flexibility to increase the intellectual capital. If this increase is envisioned, then the personnel need to set realistic and achievable goals. Mere setting of the goals would not serve the purpose. The identified and the specified goals need to be evaluated consistently in order to upgrade the standard and quality of the firm performance (Gambardella McGahan, 2010). References and Bibliography Anadon, L. D., Chan, G., Harley, A. G., Matus, K., Moon, S., Murthy, S. L., Clark, W. C. (2016). Making technological innovation work for sustainable development.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,113(35), 9682-9690. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 9-19. Caeque, F. C., Hart, S. L. (Eds.). (2015).Base of the Pyramid 3.0: Sustainable development through innovation and entrepreneurship. Greenleaf Publishing. Gambardella, A., McGahan, A. M. (2010). Business-model innovation: General purpose technologies and their implications for industry structure.Long range planning,43(2), 262-271. Halme, M., Korpela, M. (2014). Responsible Innovation toward sustainable development in small and medium?sized enterprises: a resource perspective.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(8), 547-566. Miller, T. R., Wiek, A., Sarewitz, D., Robinson, J., Olsson, L., Kriebel, D., Loorbach, D. (2014). The future of sustainability science: a solutions-oriented research agenda.Sustainability science,9(2), 239-246. Shrivastava, P., Ivanaj, S., Ivanaj, V. (2016). Strategic technological innovation for sustainable development.International Journal of Technology Management,70(1), 76-107. Weaver, P., Jansen, L., Van Grootveld, G., Van Spiegel, E., Vergragt, P. (2017).Sustainable technology development. Routledge.

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10 Transfer PricingChapter OutlineA. Cost Management Challenges - Chapter 19 provides four cost management challenges.1. What is the primary purpose of establishing a transfer price policy?2. What are four methods for setting transfer prices?3. What is the significance of excess capacity in the transferring division, and what impact does that have on the transfer price?4. Why might income-tax laws affect the transfer-pricing policies of multinational companies?B. Learning Objectives - This chapter has five learning objectives.1. Chapter 19 explains the purpose and role of transfer pricing.2. The chapter explains how to use a general economic rule to set an optimal transfer price.3. It explains how to base a transfer price on market prices, costs, or negotiations.4. It discusses the implications of transfer pricing in a multinational company.5. It discusses the effects of transfer pricing on segment reporting.C. The chapter discusses the effects of transfer pricing on segment reporting.E nglish: Transfer Pricing with an Imperfect Extern...A transfer price represents the amount charged when one division sells goods or services to another division within an organization. Transfer pricing is a challenge for cost managers because it represents an economic event that must be recorded in the accounting system. Deciding what the transfer price should be is the challenge. Transfers of goods and services within an organization do not impact the organization's profits as a whole organization. However, the buying and selling divisions' profits are affected by transfer prices charged. A high transfer price increases profits for the selling division and increases costs for the buying division.If divisions are evaluated using ROI, residual income, or economic value added, then the transfer price can affect the performance of each division. This fact may motivate managers to pursue strategies for transfer pricing that are not congruent with organizational goals.

Canadian Economic History

Canadian Economic History Introduction Canada, a country believed to have gotten its name by slip-up when a French explorer mistook the village word â€Å"Kanata† for â€Å"Canada†, is today one of the greatest economic hubs and the second largest country in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Economic History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world sometimes jokingly refers to it as a country that runs from â€Å"sea to sea.† Diverse Aboriginal people predominantly inhabit Canada and it consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories, mostly dominated by the British and French settlers (Kalman 4-13). Through the Canada Act of 1982, the country strengthened its political muscles by becoming a federal state and placing Queen Elizabeth II at its head. It is today a â€Å"bilingual and multicultural state governed through parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy† (Cyr 41). The latter system is also the basis on which the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of state are founded. In addition, Canada stands out, within the continent and elsewhere in the world, as a country governed by economic transparency. The country also does satisfactorily well in the international rankings in major areas like political freedom, respect for human rights, education, and quality of life. Purpose of the Paper The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical examination of the â€Å"Canadian Economic History†. Canada’s economy is significantly one of the largest economies in the world today, with an approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP. It is also one of the highest liberal economies across America and Europe as per the heritage index of economic freedom. Perhaps the major question is how Canada has made it this far economically. For many people, the answer could be the expansion of the political freedom in Canada, or the establishment of more democratic insti tutions, bringing about transparency in the economic sector. According to this paper, however, the answer lies in the economic history of the nation. This essay has thus been structured around the Canadian economic history, which has been broken down into smaller significant areas, supported with different valid facts. The first part, â€Å"staples thesis†, is used to explain the nation’s resource-based economy given the complexity in understanding it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second part looks at the major staple commodities in the country’s history, while the third and fourth parts review the major economic philosophies before and after the expulsion of the French traders from Canada. Other significant areas addressed, especially in the seventh and eighth sections, analyze Canada’s economic status during and after the two Wo rld Wars and their impact on the present economy. The overall analysis determines Canada’s growth to its economic history. The Staples Thesis The Canadian economic history stands out for the fact that all the economic frameworks that worked well in other nations, mostly in Europe, either failed to work in Canada or had little impact. A good example is Marxist economic classes, which failed to address the country’s resource-based economy. Its complex economic relationship with other countries developed after the Second World War, particularly with the US (Easterbrook and Watkins 259). Given the complexity in understanding the Canadian economy, a section of historians has always employed the staples thesis to address fully the economic history of the country. This school of thought, â€Å"staples thesis†, which primarily focuses on the economic geography of Canada, proposes that the Canadian economic history should be studied from the perspective of natural resour ces (Altman 230-55). Innis, one of the prominent scholars of this philosophy, argued that the country had economically flourished because of its staple commodities. He particularly listed fur, timber, fish, and agricultural products as major staple commodities that dared the economy into the international markets, especially in Europe and the United States. He further argued that, this economic partnership cemented the country’s cultural links in other major sectors. Within Canada, he argued, the different staple commodities led to the realization of different economies in the ten provinces. The economy of the Atlantic Canada, for instance, emerged from its trade in cod. The Western Canada heavily relied on wheat for its economy. In Central Canada, fur dominated the economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Economic History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The remaining provinces also had their own st aple commodities that propelled their economies (Altman 230-55). Innis, however, argued that the fur trade boomed the general economy of Canada. Inasmuch as the ports opened the region to the United States, fur cemented Canada’s relationship with European nations, especially France and Britain. The proponents of this school of thought thus argue that Canada managed to sustain its economy because of its exportation of staple commodities. Canadian Economic History Way before the arrival of British and French settlers into the country, Canada had a great and vibrant trade networks within its boarders, which were primarily dominated by â€Å"waterways†. The natives traded in furs, tools, fish, and decorative items. Mostly, the traders used small boats given the extensive body waters that border and crisscross the country. They also heavily relied on hunting and gathering for food and a variety of other important items. When French and British traders started arriving, the natives admired their alcohol, weapons, and jewels. In exchange of these products, they gave out pelts from their native beavers, which the European traders equally treasured. The result of this exchange led to profoundly strong economic and cultural relations between the natives and the European traders (Easterbrook and Aitken 23-50). Fur trade The fur trade was perhaps the most traded item that propelled the Canadian interior economy. The North American woodlands were full of many fur animals, and this element was an added advantage to the pelt industry for the natives, who were skilled hunters and gatherers would kill the animals and get pelt for the European merchants. In exchange, the natives got guns and textiles. They were also given luxury items like mirrors and beads from Europe (Carlos and Lewis 705-28). The other players in the fur trade were the woodsmen. They mainly brought pelts from the forest, through the Atlantic Ocean, to the major ports of Montreal and Quebec.Adve rtising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the early phases of the trade, the French mainly dominated the major ports and trading forts in the region. The British traders built more elaborate and parallel networks in other promising ports and forts to scuttle French domination and open trade to other regions. As a result, a boisterous contention developed between the two nations. Timber Timber was the prevailing staple commodity in Canada in the early 19th century. Previously only known to the domestic market, timber became a large export market for Canada in the nineteenth century as most European countries exhausted their supplies. As the 18th century set it, forest reserves had vitiated considerably in the Great Britain and thus it turned to Canada to replenish its supplies. The Royal Navy, which had been built using the great oaks, was already getting old and most of the materials could not be re-used. Timber was also an important commodity to Great Britain for its merchant shipping and putting up of new structures in its colonies. Even the United States, which still had some timber reserves, saw the inevitable inadequacy of its stock and thus turned to Canada. However, the Napoleonic Wars boomed Canada’s timber industry. British needed timber for its wars, but it had none. The other involved countries in the war also had little or none. Canada became the massive business for timber-trade. Almost every province exploited the timber industry making it Canada’s most important commodity. The Bank of Montreal and some of the largest towns in Canada were allegedly built with the money generated from the timber industry. Fish Industry Another important feature before the Second World War was the fishing industry. Actually, the first group of European settlers in the region ended up in Canada through the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in search of fish. Norrie and Szostak posit that soon after, many boats â€Å"especially from France and Great Britain, traversed the land through the Atlanti c Ocean and would stay there during the summer and leave with fish at the end of the season† (46). The other factor that also boomed the fishing industry in the region was the dire need of fish in the Catholic dominated countries. The land was mainly dominated by anglers from regions that had scarce supply of salt, like those from Northern France and Britain. They mainly preserved their fish by hanging them on fish-racks on the main land. Since this process took months, they also built structures that soon became permanent settlements for most of them. Farming and other Agricultural Products Canada was also popular for its agricultural products. The country mainly produced wheat and canola in large quantities enough to supply to its regional neighbors. The agricultural sector was mainly boomed by the timber industry. The timber trade required men to stay in one zone for quite a long time. Given that there were many of these zones, the country needed to supply the workforce wit h enough food. In the beginning, the lumber towns and zones mostly relied on the US for much of their food, especially barrels of pork, but the shipping cost became high. The only available option was to invest in locally produced goods. Ontario City took an interest in farming and other high-grade consumer products. The main objective was to grow crops that would be harvested within shorter periods. They also began keeping cows and rearing chickens mainly for the growing urban market and workers at the timber locations. This captive market became the basis for permanent settlements and opened the region to other new markets (Kaman 24-26). Wheat boom industry Astoundingly, Canada experienced its highest economic growth in the late years of 1890s up to the eruption of the First World War. This era was also the phase of an immense structural transformation of the Canadian economy. The period is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Wheat Boom Era† because of the massive export eco nomy that was based largely on wheat. The staple commodity became the golden crop for the Prairie Provinces and the larger economy of Canada. The wheat industry also led to the construction of the Pacific Railway line easing the transportation of the commodity and other products (Ward 856-83). Major Philosophies in the Canadian Economic History Canada’s economy has progressively grown, taking into consideration different factors. It was not just about the booming staple industries, but also the philosophies that guided these industries. These philosophies include Mercantilism, Corporatism, and Capitalism. French traders and settlers mainly used the first two schools of thought, while the British colonialists introduced capitalism, which is still the dominant philosophy in Canada. Mercantilism and Corporatism The Canadian economy during the colonial times mainly hinged on two philosophies, viz. the mercantilism and corporatism. The economic idea of mercantilism revolved on the notion of reaping maximum material benefits from the colonized land, for the mother country, with little or no imperial investment on the land itself. This system was common amongst French, who dominated the region between 1613 and 1621. In 1627, King Louis XIII introduced another system, corporatism, to include its habitants. The idea was to encourage economic corporation with everyone on the land, and this idea culminated into what is today called Canada (Leslie 20). Capitalism Capitalism is Canada’s dominant economic philosophy. After the expulsion of the French from Canada and the repeal of Corn Laws, the British government opened the market to other settlers. The idea of ‘Capitalism’ came from the colonial business elites that had taken an interest in the country’s economic trades. Their main aim was to create a local financial system, and they ultimately manifested this ideology in the banking and insurance sectors. The Canada Banking Company (1792) , the Bank of Montreal (1817), and the Bank of New Brunswick (1820) are some of the major banking systems of the period. Insurance companies included Sun Life (1865), Mutual Life (1870), and London Life (1874). Another important manifestation of this system was the creation of the Montreal Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange (Easterbrook and Aitken 445). Economic lessons before World War II Confederation The repeal of Corn Laws and the expulsion of French from Canada taught Canadians a great lesson just on how far they could economically count on foreigners. In addition, the cancelation of the preferential treatment with Great Britain also taught them very hard economic lessons. The greatest lesson was to never rely on one market for economic prosperity. In 1854, â€Å"the country signed its first treaty with the US termed the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty (CART), which opened its economy to the United States market† (Martin 237). The treaty flopped later, bu t the countries maintained their economic relationship. Another important factor was the Great Depression. Based on its economic relationship with the U.S, Canada was badly hit by the crisis that had originated in the American markets. As the U.S economy began to collapse, it was clear that the Canadian economy was quickly going to follow suit. At the end of the depression, the wheat industry was almost falling apart. The country also lost 30 per cent of its workforce. A fifth of the population literally relied on the government for assistance. The crisis was far worse in rural areas. Almost two thirds of the rural populace became reliant on relief food. With the U.S raising tariffs in their market, the Canadian wages and prices consequently fell by significant margins. Foreign investments drastically reduced, rates of crimes increased, and the population growth severely narrowed down. The other threatening situation was the escalating rates of unemployment. After World War II Canad a’s economy today is one of the largest economies in the world, with approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP. According to the research conducted in 2010 and 2011, the country was ranked as the world’s ninth and eleventh largest economy per income capita respectively. In economic freedom as per the heritage index, Canada is ranked the highest liberal economy across the entire North of American bloc and Europe beating major economies like the US and Germany. For instance, in 2008, the country imported record goods valued slightly over US$443 billion. Out of these, goods worth $281 billion originated from the US, $12 billion from Japan, and about $ 11.2 from the UK (Messick and Kimura 21-40). Canadian economy is a mixed economy relying mostly on its natural resources and international trade. On natural resources, Canada’s economy mainly relies on the logging and petroleum industries, which mainly come after manufacturing, mining, and service sectors. Of the thr ee sectors, the service industry stands out as the primary sector housing about three quarters of the country’s labor force. The country also exports energy, which is an uncommon phenomenon in first world nations. Presumably, the Atlantic Canada contains immense offshore-deposits of natural gas that are yet to be fully explored. However, the massive Athabasca oil sands position the country as the second largest home to verified oil reserves. Apart from the gas and oil industry, agricultural products also dominate the country’s economy. The country does well in wheat, and canola amongst others. Additionally, the country has erected major buildings in its towns because of timber the availability. Mining explorations have indeed made Canada a leading producer of zinc and uranium. The country also does well in gold, nickel, and aluminum. There are also leading signs that the country could be equally rich in lead, though the sector needs further exploration. The other remai ning major industries are automobiles and aeronautics. On the international trade market, Canada is one of the top 10 trading states in the world. It is a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), G7 8, APEC, UN, G20, and NATO. While these affiliations have contributed to its economic growth, its complex relationships, particularly with the US, have propelled Canada to great economic heights. Canada has long and significant relationship with the US dating back to the World War II. In 1988, the two nations signed another agreement, the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which removed all the economic tariffs between them. In 1994, the two countries extended the olive branch to other countries in the North American region under the agreement of the North American Free Trade (NAFTA) to expand their free trade market. Through these accords, the country managed to pay all its national debts and considerably incr eased surpluses in its annual budget. Economic Recession The worst crisis in the Canadian economic history happened in 2008 during the global financial recession. By the end of the year, Canada was already recording one of the highest unemployment rates in the region. By the end of 2009, the country’s national unemployment figure had hit 8.6 per cent. Regions of Labrador and Newfoundland were the highest hit in terms of unemployment, with the rates shooting as high as 17 per cent. The only province that was not seriously affected was Manitoba, with a low unemployment rate of 5.8 per cent. Between 2008 and 2010, the country’s labor market significantly reduced. Approximately, about 224,000 permanent jobs were lost. Another 163,000 around the clock jobs (full time) were also lost. Going by the scales, between 2008 and 2009, the Canadian state lost about $464 billion. The amount lost for the fiscal year 2010 – 2011, translates into a federal debt of about $567 bill ion, a real scaring figure for an economy. Its foreign debt, as of 2010, had also risen to an estimated amount of $ 194 billion. However, comparing the Canadian economic situation at the end of the crisis with other G8 nations, one would say Canada had better structures to contain the situation. One of the reasons could be that the federal government had set aside some budgetary surpluses in the previous years. It could also be the country’s regulated banking sector, which many economists believe was a better bailout for the country under the financial circumstances. Again, prior to the crisis, the federal state had also put long-term structures and policies that probably helped to lower the national debt significantly. On an average assessment, the global crisis of 2008 had minimal destruction to the Canadian economy compared to the other G8 nations. As of this year (2012), the Canadian economy is doing well and the worst hit sectors during the recession are steadily stabili zing. The country is also reaching out to new partners, especially the Asian countries, to expand its market. The Canadian industries have â€Å"begun reaching out to the Asian markets in order to diversify their exports† (Heinbecker and Momani 161). In the recent months, for instance, there have been wide talks with China to build an oil pipeline between the countries in order to facilitate in selling out its reserves to China. Canada has also tightened its economic relationship with the US to propel its economy (Heinbecker and Momani 161). GDP Growth Rate Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in its entire economic history is estimated at an average growth rate of 0.83 per cent. The lowest GDP of -1.8 percent was recorded in 2009 during the global financial crisis, while the highest growth rate at an average of 3.33 percent was reached in 1963. As of the second quarter of this year, Canada’s GDP growth rate rose by 0.5 per cent from the rate of the previous qu arter. GPD growth rate is particularly important to the Canadian economy because it provides an aggregate measure of the country’s goods and services given its diverse and highly developed market (OECD 28). Conclusion Canada’s economy is one of the â€Å"largest economies in the world, with approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP† (OECD 28). According to the research conducted in 2010 and 2011 respectively, the country was ranked as the world’s ninth and eleventh largest economy per capita income. As of the second quarter of 2012, the growth rate of GDP had risen by 0.5 per cent from that of the previous quarter. In economic freedom as per the heritage index, Canada is ranked the highest liberal economy across the North American bloc and Europe, beating major economies like the US and Germany. While the staples thesis argues that the Canadian economy primarily revolves on its natural resources, most analysts today believe that there is a great balance between the country’s natural resources and its international trade relationships. Altman, Morris. â€Å"Staple Theory and Export-Led Growth: Constructing Different Growth.† Australian Economic History Review 43.3 (2012): 230-55. Print. Carlos, Ann, and Frank Lewis. â€Å"Property rights, competition, and depletion in the eighteenth century Canadian fur trade: the role of the European market.†Ã‚  Canadian Journal of Economics 32.3 (1999): 705-28. Print. Cyr, Hugo. Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers: Organic Constitutionalism at  Work. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2009. Print. Easterbrook, Thomas, and Hugh Aitken. Canadian Economic History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988. Print. Easterbrook, Thomas, and Mel Watkins. Approaches to Canadian Economic History:  A selection of Essays. Carleton: McGrill-Queens, 1988. Print. Heinbecker, Paul, and Bessma Momani. Canada and the Middle East: In Theory and  Practice. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007. Print. Kalman, Bobbie. Canada: The Land. Alberta: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2009. Print. Leslie, Peter. Canada: The State of the Federation. Ontario: IIGR, Queen’s University, Print. Martin, Ged. Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation, 1837-67. Ontario: UBC Press, 1995. Print. Messick, Richard, and Kaku Kimura. World Survey of Economic Freedom 1995-1996:  A Freedom House Study. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1996. Print. Norrie, Ken, and Rick Szostak. â€Å"Allocating Property Rights over Shoreline: Institutional Change in the Newfoundland Inshore Fishery.† Newfoundland and Labrador  Studies 20.2 (2005): 27-56. Print. OECD. OECD Regions at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011. Print. Ward, Tony. â€Å"The Origins of the Canadian Wheat Boom 1880-1910.† Canadian Journal  of Economics 24.4 (1994): 856-83. Print.

Green criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Green criminology - Essay Example In addition to causing severe environmental damage, it also affects the basic right of human beings to a healthy environment (Ajunwa, 2007). Illegal dumping of toxic wastes, which are generated in developed countries such as Europe and America, in to third world countries such as Africa, South-east Asia, India and China has become a routine in the recent past. This is mainly due to the huge quantities of toxic wastes such as electronic and petrochemical wastes, asbestos and wastes from refineries and shipping industries that are being generated. Such illegal dumping has had an enormous impact on the health of people living in the developing nations especially in countries such as Africa. Reports suggest that there is an increase in the number of deaths and diseases caused by such illegal dumping of toxic wastes. Following increased dumping of waste products in the developing world, the Basel convention laid down regulations to control the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes wh ich prevented the export of toxic wastes from the developed nation to the developing world. However, subsequent inspection of ports in the European nations reveled that nearly 47% of wastes that was destined for illegal export a recent incident being the dumping of about 550 tones of toxic wastes in the Abidjan port by the firm Trafigura Beheer BV. This situation calls for stricter policies which are required in order to prevent the use of developing nations as a dumping ground (Godoy, 2010). Hazardous wastes include solids, liquids or gases that may cause harm to both humans and the environment. Increased production of such wastes by certain multinational companies initiated the export of such wastes to countries such as Africa. This led to serious environmental damage by affecting the water and air quality that killed many children and adults. Estimates show that nearly 300 million tones of

Real estate economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Real estate economics - Assignment Example This layout perceives a city as a pattern of settlement, which can be described using concentric regions. In this case, the epicentre represents the Central Business District (CBD). Here, any economic activity is highly regarded since the market is accessible to all. In order to understand the monocentric models, four primary factors are considered. They include; the fact that, the CBD acts as the core area of activities, where transport lines are connected to (Lin, 2014). Secondly, the people living in the CBD live in other cities, which surround the CBD, thus have to commute on a daily basis to the CBD. The third characteristic is the intercity transportation, where the goods obtained from the CBD are ferried to other cities, through common means of transport, such as rail and roads. Since the people here are in constant business, they exchange ideas and participate in a given trend of activities. As a result, they develop a culture, which further stratifies the layout of the monoc entric city. Here, the forms of settlement are stratified and distinctively isolated to a given economic class. The land rates are expected to be highest in the CBD and reduce outwards. Here, the main occupants of the CBD include businesses and offices. These groups of tenants are willing to pay high rent, since they seek to position themselves strategically, in order to access the customers’ strategic locations (Hanushek, 2014). In this research, the area selected is Manchester city, with all the cities around it. They include Oldham, Rockdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan. The choice was based on the economic significance of the cities. In addition, the density of settlements and the accessibility of the areas. Then, the researcher opted to concentrate on the rateable values and area of the rented space (Madariaga, 2014). The combination of the two parameters

The Barnum effect

The Barnum effect Abstract The Barnum effect is a theory that originated from psychologist Paul Meehl. The Barnum effect represents a type of subjective validation in which an individual finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to many people (Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2012). In 1949, Forer went on to study this effect by giving his students an extract form an astrology column, finding that many students endorsed the extract and felt it was trailered to them. I therefore propose an experiment which will explore whether their are different responses in genders to a standardised personality description. The subjects participating are all college students currently studying history. The hypothesis therefore being, women will give a significantly higher accuracy rating than men on the standardised personality description. The null hypothesis is therefore, there will not be a significant difference between men and woman then asked to rate a standard personality description. The Mann-Whitney test will be used to help interpret the findings. Despite there being a minimal difference in the scores with females scoring higher than males, the experiment showed that the results where not significant thus the null hypothesis is supported. Introduction The Barnum effect is a theory that originated from psychologist Paul Meehl, in reference to to P. T. Barnum, an American showman with a reputation as a master manipulator. The Barnum effect represents a type of subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to many people (Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2012). If a subject is given statements that appear to have been specifically prepared for them, they often will validate its accuracy, thus giving validly to the means used to create the statement. In 1949 Bertram, R. Forer wanted to study this effect and devised a study using his students to give some incite into the appeal of pseudo-science. Students completed a personality test that he has simply copied out of a newspaper column, and that the results would produce a unique personality analysis. After this the students were asked to rate the analysis form 0 (poor) to 5 (excellent) in terms of how accurate they felt it reflected their own personality. Most of the students endorsed this statement with the average score being 4.26 (Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2012).This gives us an insight into the popularity of pseudo-science. Many people put great faith in horoscopes and personality tests the truth is that predictions like these only work because we like to hear information about our selves. Another study into gullibility carried out by N.D. Sunberg (1955) asked students to complete a standardised test used by psychologists to evaluate an individuals personality. They were then given results, either written by two experienced psychologists, or a false one. When asked which result was more accurate, 50% of participants identified the fake results as more accurate (Cline, A. 2014). This experiment identified the fallacy of personal validation, whereby an individual cannot be relied on to validate their own character or personality. The outcome of the Barnum effect can however be effected by variables such as education and gender. A study into pseudo-science and peoples beliefs was conducted by Keeports and Morier (1994). Their study looked at a group of students who were studying science and pseudo-science presenting them with a questionnaire at the beginning of the course about their beliefs. After the course the same questionnaire was given to the students and found a significant reduction in their belief of the paranormal. This shows how education can clearly have an impact on peoples belief in the paranormal. It has been generally accepted that there are no gender differences in the Barnum effect phenomenon. However, research carried out by Piper-Terry and Downey (1998) found that under certain conditions, gender could effect the results (Layne, C. 1998). They had their friends administer a personality test to psychology students then preceded to claim that they had interpreted their response based on what they were learning in class. The students rated the interpretations highly in line with the Barnum effect, however women rated these more accurately than men did. Piper-Terry and Downey concluded that woman gave higher accuracy ratings because they wanted to help out their friends whereas men where less inclined to help. Another interpretation could be that women are more open and therefore expect their friends interpretations to be more accurate. Furthermore, an argument can be made for women to be more susceptible of the Barnum effect. Studies have found 65% of church congregations in the UK are made up of women (Thackray, J. 2013). An argument that is used to explain this could be that women are seen to be more emotional, which could lead to greater spiritual openness, and a willingness to accept faith without the need of evidence. However, some simply state that because of the ageing population of the church the number of women in the congregation will increase simply because of their longer life spans. It is therefore the aim of this experiment to compare the susceptibility of men and woman. When asked by a neutral party to rate a standardised personalty description according to its accuracy. The hypothesis therefore being women will give a significantly higher accuracy rating than men on the standardised personality description The null hypothesis is therefore, there will not be a significant difference between men and woman then asked to rate a standard personality description. Method Design This experiment will be a laboratory experiment carried out in a class room with as much done as possible to help limit extraneous variables that may effect the result such as noise distractions or demand characteristics. The experiment will use an independent measure and involve a group of individuals that will conduct the experiment once. The independent variable will be the participants gender The dependant variable will be the participants response to the standardized personalty description. Participants The participants that will be used in this experiment will be students, currently studying history, aged between 19 and 31. The sample will consist of 12 females and 8 males and they will not be known the experamtor. Apparatus: 1 set of standardised instructions. 20 personalty assessment question sheets 20 standardised personalty descriptions. 1 classroom Procedure. The participants were first asked if they would consent to take part in an experiment. carried out by a fictional university into a new type of personality assessment that could give accurate information about an individuals personality. The participants then handed out a standardised questionnaire and instructed to answer each question on the paper. Once all the questionnaires were collected I told them I would return in one week with a personality description for each individual. On my return I handed out the standardised personality description informing them that it was personal and should not be shared with anyone else. I then asked them to rate the description out of 10 with 1 been not at all relevant and 10 been extremely relevant. Once these had been collected in I debriefed the participants and explained the deception. Results Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Mann-Whitney U test: Discussion The results of the study showed through analysis that using the Mann-Whitney U test it was found that the null hypothesis is shown to be correct. The experimental hypothesis that females will give a significantly higher score than males to a standardised personality description is rejected. However, by looking at the mean results from the two groups we can see that females did give a marginally higher score on the personality description. Although the null hypothesis was supported the Barnum effect was clearly evident in this experiment. A large majority of the participants showed a score of 5 or higher with only one scoring below, as such we can say that the deception needed to conduct the experiment was a success. Moreover, among female participants two gave a score as high as 10 indicating how firmly they believed that the personality description had been trailered to them as individuals. This experiment therefore mirrors the results of the study carried out by Bertram, R. Foster, as the group of students he used also gave relatively high scores to a, after being told it was tailored to the individual. Furthermore, comparisons can be drawn from the experiment carried out by N.D. Sunberg (1995) in which standardised tests, real and fake, were used to evaluate personalities. Both experiments can reinforce the fallacy of personal validation, clearly showing that people cannot be trusted to validate their own personali ty. There are several reasons why the hypotheses was not significantly supported. One of these could have been that the participants used share many similarities, such as studying the same subject which could be an indicator of a certain personality type. Furthermore, the fact that they are students could indicate a certain level of intelligence. Both of these factors would make it hard to generalise the study to the rest of the population and as such lower the ecological validity of the experiment. This problem is shared by others who have been researching the subject including that of Piper-Terry and Downey (1994), who used psychology students for there experiments. One of the factors that could have affected the results is that their were more female than male participants. This could have effected the statistical conclusion that was drawn. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions in a college classroom which could have effected the outcome of the experiment. Although this setting allowed for many extraneous variables to be controlled, such as the tiredness of a student or their willingness to give the study their full attention could not be. Furthermore, the placement of the participants sitting around tables instead of individually could have allowed them to see each others question answers or personality description, possibly leading them to alter their answers. Both of these criticisms could lower the internal validity of the experiment. A major strength of this study is the standardised set of instructions that were given to each student. By doing this we can ensure that each of the participants fully understand what they are expected to do as well as leading to the ability to easy recreate the experiment. Furthermore, standardised instructions leads to all the participants being treated the same and so lowers the risk of experimenter effects. With regard to ethics, one of the main concerns was the creation a deception in order for the experiment to be effective. The British Psychology Society state in their guidelines that intentional deception should be avoided whenever possible (Hayes, N. 1993). As a deception was needed steps were taken to ensure participants were deceived as little as possible and that the true nature of the experiment was clearly communicated to them after it was complete . This was done by fully debriefing the participants after the study had been concluded. This involved fully informing them about the nature of the research and reassuring them about their performance within the study, as well as answering any questions that they might have about the experiment. (Lawton, J et al, 2011). Appendix 1: Personal statement While disciplined on the outside you tend to be slightly insecure at times and you have need for other people to like and admire you. You prefer a certain amount of change and variety however you become unhappy when you feel hemmed in by restrictions and limitations. Over the years you have learnt that us wise not to be to frank while revealing yourself to others and that it is best to hold onto your views until you feel that the time is right to express them. At times your outgoing, pleasant to talk to and sociable. However, there are time when when faced with a new situation that you feel slightly cautious and reserved. While some of your future plans may seem out of reach you nevertheless are willing to put in the work to try and make them a reality. Please score the accuracy of this personal statement 0 = very poor – 1 = extremely accurate Appendix 2: Questionnaire Instructions In the table below, for each statement 1-50 mark how much you agree with on the scale 1-10, where 1=disagree, 10 extremely accurate. References Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. (2012) Psychology AS: the complete companion: student book: for AQA A. 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Christopher Layne (1998) GENDER AND THE BARNUM EFFECT: A REINTERPRETATION OF PIPER-TERRY AND DOWNEYS RESULTS. Psychological Reports: Volume 83 Cline, A. (2014) Flaws in Reasoning and Arguments: Barnum Effect Gullibility Available at URL http://atheism.about.com/od/logicalflawsinreasoning/a/barnum.htm (Accessed on 09 December 2014) Hayes, N. (1993) A first course in psycholog. London: Harrap LAWTON, J., GROSS, R. and ROLLS, G. (2011) Psychology A2 for AQA (A). Abingdon: Hodder Education. Thackray, J. (2013) Why do more women flock to the Church? Available at URL http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10035155/Why-do-more-women-flock-to-the-Church.html (Accessed on 10 December 2014)

Participatory Research Design Essay

The changing nature of the global business culture has necessitated various aspects of organizational behavior. This is the spirit of the overwhelming variables that define how employees interact and integrate with the corporate processes with the basic goal of meeting the corporate objectives and missions. Understanding the requirements of the organizational behavior is an important aspect which helps to align its procedures and processes in line with the behavioral conception within the corporation (Dan, 1998) The research team  The parameters that provide the best knowledge would involve carrying out a research study across various organizations aimed at learning the statutory components of the concepts of organizational behavior. This would involve a controlled dissemination of research team across the sample of selected corporations. The layout of the research process would involve the evaluation of the aspects that articulate within the fundamental concept of organizational behavior as an important factor in the success of the corporation. Investigating the issue and its assumptions. The concept of organizational behavior is chiefly incorporated at a diverse autonomy within different cases of organizations. This research study will therefore aim at studying the scope of influence of organizational behavior to the functionality of different organizations that differs in terms of capacity, functions, and managerial processes. The underlying assumptions will also be developed in terms of the result provision of the research process about what impacts are endowed by the concept of organization behavior (Dan, 1998) Developing an action pal and data collection strategies In order to collect the most reliable data, the researcher would pursue various methods of data collection strategies and methods that would help to yield the most reliable research results and outcomes. This would include the use of methods such as observation, questionnaire and survey. A stream of related data responses shall be collected through these methods which would then be used in arriving at rational conclusions and recommendations about the impact of organizational behavior to the contemporary functionality of the organization (Dan, 1998) Data analysis The research process would not be fully met until the collected data in passed through various methods of data analysis that would help to yield the most reliable results and findings. This could be through methods such as correlation, T-test, F-test, barographs, pie-charts and other significant methods of data analysis.

Thesis1

READING MATERIALS IN DEVELOPING VOCABULARY SKILLS OF FIRST YEAR EDUCATION STUDENTS AT PAMANTASAN NG CABUAYO CABUYAO, LAGUNA: AN ASSESSMENT S. Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao Cabuyao, Laguna In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English by: Magallanes, Neressa B. Manago, Annie Vie A. Minor, Ma. Airene M. Sarinas, Mary Grace C. Villanueva, Elsa L. Villanueva, Lyn G. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The researchers would like to take this opportunity to extend their heartfelt gratitude to those who contributed in the success of the study.To   our   parents   and   family,   for   loving   and   supporting   us   morally   and   financially. To Dr. Gaudencio L. Lat   for   being   considerate   and   understanding   in   the administration   of the   study. To Professor Honeylie Buitre and Professor Mary Grace Laugico, for giving insights and helping us in the statistical treatment. To Professor   Edwin   Paming   for   allowing   us   to   conduct   the   test   during   his   class. To Professor Michelle Morado, for her competent educational guidance and assistance   from   the   very   start   until   the   completion   of   the   study. To Mr.Ronnie Batiao for his assistance, valuable advices, and generous support. To   Ms. Annie Vie Manago,   for   letting   us use   her   laptop   for   the   typing   and   editing of   the   manuscript. To Ms. Elham   Kashef   Saberi   and   Ms. Azadeh   Kashef   Saberi   for   their   help, cooperation   and   generous   support   for   the   completion   of   this   study. To   our   teachers,   for   sharing   their   knowledge   and   intelligence   with   the   researchers. To   our   classmates,   for   sharing   ideas,   concepts   and   even   mom ents   inside   and outside   the   classroom. The Researchers Vocabulary skills, in particular, are important.Why is it important? What are the advantages one can get from gaining a wide range of vocabulary? How do we learn from reading materials? Is reading materials a significant factor in one’s learning ability? It   is   a   fact   that   reading   materials   helps   in   developing   the   vocabulary   skills of   the   students. They   become   well   informed   by   reading   different   reading materials   such   as   educational   books,   journals,   newspapers,   dictionaries,   and magazines. Most   knowledge   is   transmitted   to   the   printed   page   or   electronically through   the   World   Wide   Web.However,   based   on the   results   of   the   study,   exposure   to   reading   materials does   not   necessarily   mean   that   you   are   skilled   in   terms   of   vocabulary. There are many   factors   which   needs   to   be   considered   such   as   the   age,   gender,   preferred reading   material,   reading   styles   and   socio-economic   status. The   main   aim   of   this   study   is   to   determine   how   reading   materials   help develop   vocabulary   skills   of   First   Year   Education   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. How does their learning styles, age, socio-economic status affects the development of their vocabulary skills? Summary of Findings:The following are the findings of the study: 1. Majority   of   the   respondents   with   the   frequency   of   38   at   38%   belong   to   17 years of   age. Female   respondents   register   at   a   frequency   of   80   comprising   80%   of   the total   number   of   the   respo ndents. Most   of   the   respondents   belong   to   the   middle class at   a   frequency   of   55%. 2. The   following   are   the   results   of   a   series   of   tests   which   reveals   that   majority   read books with   weighted   mean   of   3. 81,   which   implies   that   the   students   often   read books   rather   than   magazines,   dictionaries,   journals,   and   newspapers. . In   a   series   of   test   conducted,   it   shows   that   book   is   the   common   reading material   read   by   the   students   which   helps   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. 4. The   comparative   analysis  Ã‚   resulted   in   the   significant   relationship   between   the exposure   to   the   different   reading   materials   and   vocabulary skills   development   of the   respondents. 5. The   results   of   the   series   of   the   tests   revealed   that   silent   reading   is   the   preferred   reading   style   of   the   students   which   helps   them develop   their   vocabulary   skills,   with   a   weighted mean   of   2. 3   and   is   verbally   interpreted   as   the   highest   rank   among   other   reading styles. Summary of Conclusions: Based   on   the   above   stated   results   of   the   investigation,   the   following   conclusion are   drawn: 1. A   typical   respondent   of   the   study   is   a   female  Ã‚   First   Year   Education   student   of Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao   belonging   to   the   age   of   17. Furthermore, the   results  Ã‚  Ã‚   showed that   more   or   less   half   of   the   respondents   belong   to   the  Ã‚   middle   class   as   to   their   socio- economic   status   with   a   frequency   of   55   (55%). . The   First   Year Education   students   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao   choose   to   read books frequently   rather   than   magazines,   dictionaries,   journals,   and  Ã‚   newspaper  Ã‚   which could   help   them   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. 3. The   common   reading   materials   has   no   bearing   on   developing   vocabulary   skills   of  Ã‚   the First   Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. 4. Different   reading   materials   has   no   bearing   on   developing   vocabulary   skills   of  Ã‚   the First Year   Education   at  Ã‚   Pamantasan ng Cabuyao. 5.Silent,   oral,   and   extensive   reading   are   the   top   three   that   is   most   preferred   reading styles   of   the   First   Year   education   Students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao  Ã‚   that   helps develop   their   vocabulary   skills. Recommendations: Based   on   the   result   and   conclusion   of   the   investigation,   the researchers   hereby recommend   the   following:   1. The   school   must   provide   interesting   reading   materials   appropriate to   the   age   of   the   students  . Therefore,   the  Ã‚   reading   materials must   be   of   general   interest   to   all      readers  Ã‚   both   female   and   male.Reading   materials   that   contains   interesting   facts   and   trivia’s   tend   to   attract   readers   from both   gender. The   results   also   shows   that   most   of   the   students  Ã‚   from   the   College   of Education  Ã‚   belongs   to   the   middle   class,   butà ‚  Ã‚   it   does   not   mean   that   those   students  Ã‚  Ã‚   from low,   higher   and   highest   class   should   be   satisfied   with   their   vocabulary   skills. They   are recommended   to   read   more,   especially  Ã‚   English   in   order   for   them   to   improve   their vocabulary   skills   that   will   be   necessary   in   their   future   professions.It also recommended that the government should provide reading materials in every schools. 2. The  school  must  provide more  interesting  reading materials in the library and the teachers should require to their students to go in the library to read newspapers, journals, magazines, books, and dictionaries. They   will   be   motivated  Ã‚   to   read   if   the   reading   materials   provided   for   them concerns   the   affective   domain. 3. More   reading   and   vocabulary   e xercises   are   recommended   for   further   enhancement   of the   students   vocabulary   skills.Even   though   the   students   preferred   to   read   books   as   the most   common   reading   materials   which   helps   in   developing   vocabulary   skills,   the  Ã‚   teachers should  Ã‚   promote   and   motivate  Ã‚   the   students   to   read   other   reading   materials. Teachers should also motivate the students to read magazines, newspapers, journals and dictionaries. 4. It is recommended that students and teachers must read more different reading materials and make as a daily habit in order to develop their vocabulary skills.Also recommended   that teachers   should   consider   the   different   reading   materials   that   will be   used   and   its   significance, they   should   consider   the individual   differences  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   stud ents   in   motivating  Ã‚  Ã‚   them   to   read. 5. The  reading  styles of the  students should  continuously indulge  Ã‚   themselves   in   reading   for them  to   improve   their   vocabulary   skills. Although   some of   the  Ã‚   respondents   got   average   scores   in   the   test, it   is   not   a   reason   for   them   to   be satisfied.They   are   still   recommended   to   read   newspaper, magazines, journals, dictionaries, and books   so   they   can enhance   their   vocabulary skills   and   become   effective   teachers   in   the   future. TABLE   OF   CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i APPROVAL SHEET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v LIST OF FIGURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vi LISTS OF TABLES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii Chapter I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGR OUNDIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Background of the Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Hypotheses of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Objectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scope and Delimitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 5 Significance of the Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURERelated Local Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Related Foreign Literature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Related Local Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research   Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Respondents   of   the   Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data   Gathering   Tools/Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 Data   Gathering   Procedure Statistical   Treatments   of   DataChapter   IV:   PRESENTATION,   ANALYSIS,   AND INTERPRETATION Profile   of   the   Respondent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 Statistical   Treatment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Reading   Styles   of   the   Respondents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 Chapter V:   SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RE COMMENDATION SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 RECOMMENDATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 APPENDICES Bibliography Survey   Questionnaire Curriculum   Vitae LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1:   CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM LIST   OF   TABLES 1. Table 1. . The percentage distribution of the respondents according to age. Table 1. 2 The percentage distribution of the respondents according to gender. Table 1. 3The percentage distribution of the respondents according to socio- economic status 2 &3. Table 2&3. Kinds of reading materials, common reading materials and fr equency of reading that helps in developing vocabulary skills. 4. Table 4. Test of Hypothesis for Pearson Correlation Coefficient Value 5. Table 5. Reading styles of the students which helps them develop their vocabulary skills.Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Reading   is   the   basic   tool   in   learning   other   subjects   taught   in   school. It   Ã‚  is   also an   instrument   in   understanding   the   different   subject   areas   like   arithmetic,   science, social studies,   English   and   other  Ã‚   subjects   depending   on   the   ability   to   read. Some   students are able  Ã‚   to   sound   words   although   they   do   not   know   what   the  Ã‚   word   means. In   the   real sense   this   is   not   reading,   what   the   students   do   is   nothing  Ã‚   but   word  Ã‚   calling (Galves,2005).When we read, th ere must be comprehension, otherwise no learning takes  Ã‚   place. Some of the students nowadays are fond of reading books. Some   understand what   the   author   wants   to   convey   while   others   cannot,   others  Ã‚   just   simply   read   it   without analyzing   the   words  Ã‚   used,   or   simply   for   fun   and   entertainment   only. On   the   other   hand, some would consider it as a habit. Reading   books   affect   the   student’s   or   learner’s   way   of   thinking,   the   way   they act, the   way they   communicate and interact with other people.It proves that learning is limitless because some are not contented in one reference only. Reading is a good hobby, yet it needs proper parental guidance to prevent the child or youth in reading books   or   any   reading  Ã‚   material   which   is   inappropriate   for   their   age   level . Students   often get   addicted   in   reading,   especially   pocketbooks,   and   tend   to   disregard   their   assignments and   even   their   duties   at   home. Reading   is   a   good,   meaningful   and   relaxing   way   of   spending   your   past time, instead   of   playing   cards ,   window   shopping,   and  Ã‚   hanging   out   with   friends.By   reading, you   will learn   more,   it   will   broaden   your   mind   and   help   you   understand   what   is   the reality of   life. Sometimes,   it   changes   people’s   perception   or   views   in   life   and   somehow develops   and enhances   good   personality,   because   of   the   ideas   and   knowledge   earned from   what   has   been   read. According   to   Cziko   et   al   (2000)   reading   is   sharing   and   get ting   information   and idea   from   the   text. Many   people   think   of   reading   skills   which   is   taught   once  Ã‚   and   for all   on   few   years   of   school.More often credits (or  blame)   for   students   reading   ability goes   to   primary   teachers. Upper elementary and secondary school teachers at grade level only   need   to   teach   new   concepts   relevant   to   their   students   ability   to   comprehend. See this way, reading  Ã‚   process; readers decode each word in a text and then automatically comprehend   the   meaning   of   the   words   as   they   do   their   everyday  Ã‚   spoken  Ã‚   language. Reading  Ã‚   makes  Ã‚   our  Ã‚   mind   active   because   it   is   significant   to   apply  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   acquired knowledge  Ã‚   in   our   daily   lives.Our  Ã‚   imagination expands  Ã‚  Ã‚   and enhances  Ã‚   our cognitive ability through what the readers have read. Also,   through   reading ,   ability   to   analyze   and evaluate   the   text   to   criticize   or   make   some   conclusion   is   also   developed. In  Ã‚   reading, you  Ã‚   recognize the structure of grammar. A   child   exposed   in  Ã‚  Ã‚   reading   earlier   in   his/her childhood  Ã‚   stage  Ã‚  Ã‚   provides   exercise   in   his/ her   mind. It   Ã‚  also develops their cognitive ability and improves their intelligence.It   is   for   this   reason   that   the   researchers   will   undertake   this   study   and   use the   first   year   Education   students   as   the  Ã‚   respondents;   the   purpose   is   to   find   out   how students   would   cope   with   their   education   by   means of   determining   the   reading materials  Ã‚   that   could   enhance   the   vocabulary   of   the   students. Objectives 1. To determine the vocabulary development of the respondents when grouped according to:    1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age 1. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gender 1. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socio-economic status 2. To determine   the   kind   of   reading   materials   being   read   and   the  Ã‚   frequency   of   reading. 3.To   determine   what   reading   materials   commonly   read   by   the   students   helps   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. 4. To   determine   the   significant   relationship between   exposure of   different   reading   materials   and   developing   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. 5. To   ascertain  Ã‚   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. Statement of the Problem This   study   will   attempt    to   find   out   on   how   reading   materials   help   in   developing the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students/learners   particularly   in selected First   Year   Education students   (BSED and BEEd)   at   PnC.Specifically, the study will be answering the following questions: 1. What   is   the   demographic   profile   of   the   respondents   in   terms   of: 1. 1  Ã‚  Age; 1. 2 Gender; and 1. 2  Ã‚  Socio-economic Status? 2. What kind of reading materials are being read and the frequency of reading? 3. What   are   the   common   reading   materials   read   by   the   students   that   helps   in developing   their   vocabulary   skills:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. 1 Books; 3. 2. Magazines; 3. 3. Journals; 3. 4. Newspapers; and 3. 5. Dictionary? 4.Is   there   any   significant   relationship   of   exposure   in   different   reading   materials   and  Ã‚   developing vocabulary   skills   of   the   students? 5. What   are   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   which   helps   them   to   develop   their  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills? Hypothesis of the Study To   be   able   to   answer   the   above   questions,   the   study   divided   the   following hypothesis. Null   hypothesis-   There   is   no   significant   relationship   between   exposure   to   different reading   materials   and   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students.Alternative   hypothesis-   There   is   a   significant   relationship   between   exposure   to different   reading   materials   and   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. Objectives 1. To   determine   the  Ã‚   vocabulary   development   of   the   r espondents   when grouped according  Ã‚   to: 1. 1  Ã‚  Age; 1. 2  Ã‚  Gender 1. 3  Ã‚  Socioeconomic   status 2. To determine   the   kind   of   reading   materials   being   read   and   the     frequency   of   reading. 3. To   determine   what   reading   materials   commonly   read   by   the   students   helps   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. . To   determine   the   significant   relationship between   exposure   of   different   reading   materials   and   developing   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. 5. To   ascertain  Ã‚   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This   study   limits   its   coverage   on   first   year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan ng Cabuyao,   Laguna. It’s   main   purpose   is   to   determine   the   effectiveness   of   reading materials   in   developing  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills   of   the   respondents.In   this   study,   the researchers   limit   the   use   of   English   reading   materials   on   the   following:  Ã‚   educational books,   journals, magazines,   newspapers,   and   dictionary. The   researchers   limits   their   reading styles   in   oral,   silent,   scanning,   skimming,   extensive,   and   intensive   types   of   reading. DELIMITATION This   study   did not cover   other   courses, year   levels, other   reading materials   other   than   educational books,   journals, magazines,   newspapers, and dictionary and   reading   styles   other   than   oral,   silent,, scanning,   skimming,   extensive, intensive   reading   styles of   the   respondents.SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE STUDY This   res earch   study   wants   to   gain   information   on   the   reading materials   in developing   vocabulary   skills   of   selected   First Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan ng   Cabuyao,   Laguna,   school   year   2011-2012. This   will   serve   as   the  Ã‚   springboard   or basis   to   improve   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. School Administrators. The   result   can   be   used   as   the   basis   for   providing reading   materials   taking   into   consideration   the   needs   of   college   students in developing their vocabulary skills.School Instructors and Professors. The   findings  Ã‚   of   the   study   could   help instructors   and   professors   to   identify   the   reading   materials   being   used   where   they have   to   apply   certain   techniques   and   strategies   in   relation   of   developing   vocabulary skills. Students. The  Ã‚   result  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   study   may   provide   the   concerned   pupils how to   broaden   the   vocabulary   skills. Theoretical framework: Robert   Gagne’s   Information   Processing   Theory   or   Information-processing Approach  Ã‚  (1950).The   two   theoretical   ideas   considered   fundamental   to   cognitive  psychology   and   information processing   framework   were   â€Å"chunking†Ã‚   and   the  Ã‚  test-operate- test-exit   (TOTE). Chunk   is   any   meaningful   unit   of   information   and   is   good   or  appropriate   for   the   capacity   of the   short-term   memory,   like   for   example   familiarizing   any  digit,   word,   chess   positions,   or   students’   faces. It   implies   that   short-term   memor y   could  only   hold   5-9   chunks   of   information   either   seven   plus   or   minus   two. TOTE   can   possibly  replace   the   stimulus   response   as   fundamental   unit   of   behavior.Here,   there   is   aconduction   of   testing   cycle   which   is   repeated   for   several   times   to   determine   the   success  of   its   operation   until   the   goal   is   achieved   which   can   be   a   good   foundation   for   problem-  solving   tasks. Origin   of   information   processing   theory   began   in   cybernetics,   game   theory,  communication   theory   and   information   theory   which   gained   its   popularity   when   these  things   reach   their   full   development. This   theory   likened   the   mind   to   a   processing   system  where   knowledge   i s   represented   in   the form   of   symbols.It   is   important   to   study   information-processing   approach   in   order   to   understand how   information   is   encoded,  Ã‚   processed,   stored,   and   retrieved. In  Ã‚  sensory   registers, information   from   external   environment   is   represented   in   its   original   sensory   form   where there   is   a   separate   register   for   each   sensory   modality   like   visual,   auditory,   tactile, kinesthetic,   or   olfactory   that   can   hold   large   amount   of   information,   yet   only   for   a   matter of   milliseconds. Information   can   be   lost   at   the   end   of   that   time   unless   it   can   be described   during   the  Ã‚  pattern   recognition   process.Short-term Memory   System  (STM)   functions   in   two   important   ways:   1)   it organizes   information   by   integrating   new   information   with   the   existing   information   and   2) it   temporarily   stores   information   for   the   learners’   use   (Kameenui,   Carnine,   Dixon, Simmons,   &   Coyne,   2002). Also   known   as   the  Ã‚  working   memory,   the   short-term memory   system   has   a   smaller   capacity,   but   its   representations   are   more durable. In STM,   we   utilize   different   strategies   and   techniques   to   remember   or   solve   problems.Limited   pieces   of   information   only   can   be   stored,   and   for   a   short   period   of   time. On the   other   hand,   if   we   do   some   cognitive   operations   on   the   data,   we   can   store   them in   the  Ã‚  long-term   memory  (LTM). Data   that   is   stored   at   the   LTM   is   expected   to   be stored   indefinitely,   and   is   labeled   as   verbal   or   visual   information   for   future   use; it includes   the   episodic   and   semantic   knowledge. There   are   several   ways   to develop/strengthen   the   short-term   memory   system   these   are   repetition,   chunking, identification   of   logical   patterns   Brownell (2002).The   Long-term   Memory   System  Ã‚  (LTM)   is   a   warehouse   of   knowledge. It   is   also known   as   data   bank   that   stores   information   likened   to   a   floppy   disk,   hard   desktop   USB that   stores   huge   amount   of   information. When   we   perceive   something   with   our   sensory modalities,   we   are   able   to   form   and   arrange   information   in to   meaningful   order   as   we progressively   make   connections   in   our   brain. The   group   of   neurons   help   us   integrate knowledge,   arrange   it,   and   utilize   it   in   a   meaningful   context   so   we   can   understand   the everyday   occurrences.For   sensory   input   to   be   effective,   all   our senses   should   be   fully operational. A   student   who   cannot  Ã‚   see   or   hear   better   is   not   in   better   condition   to   attend to   and   process   the   environmental   stimuli. Brownell   (2002)   also   identified   certain   LTM techniques   they   are   association,   categorization,   mediation,   imagery,   and   mnemonics. Aquino (2009). According to Lockhart (2000)   that   in   recall,   you   produce   a   fact,   a   word,   or   other item   from   me mory. Fill-   in   -the-   blank   tests   require   that   you   recall   items   from   memory.In   recognition,   you   select   or   otherwise   identify   an   item   as   being   one   that   you   learned previously. Working   memory   holds   only   the   most   recently   activated  Ã‚   portion   of   long-term memory,   and   it   moves   these   activated   elements   into   and   out   of   brief,   temporary   memory storage   ( Dosher). Conceptual   Framework: Input Process Output Definition   of   Terms The   following   words   are   used   operationally   in   this   study: Communication.This   refers   in   giving   or   receiving   of   information,   this   can   be   done   by gestures,   writings   and   by   talking. Comprehension. This   refers   to   the   readers   understanding   to   what   the   author   has   written. according   to   the   expert,   it   requires the   fusion   in   meanings   of   separate words  Ã‚   into   chain   of   related   ideas. Decode  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Figure out how to pronounce. Education  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and attitude, through instruction   and   training. Effectiveness. This   word   refers   to   an expected   response. It   is   synonymous   to   the word  Ã‚   success.Extensive reading. Comprehensive  Ã‚  reading   of   long   texts   or   books   for   the expres purpose   of   discerning   global   meaning   images   is   the   art   of   extensive reading. It   is   reading   imaginatively,   creatively,   and   critically. Intensive reading. This reading strategy which is   characterized   by deliberate attention and   Ã‚  Ã‚  deep   concentration. It   is   reading   for   details. Learning. This   refers   to   the   psychological   activity   in   development   such   as acquisition   Ã‚  of  Ã‚   symbol   knowledge   or   motor   skills,   and   as   intellectual and   Ã‚  creative   process.Long   term   memory. Warehouse   of   knowledge   and   also   known   as   data   bank   that   stores information  Ã‚   likened   to   floppy   disk,   hard   disk,   or   USB   that   stores huge  Ã‚   amount   of   information. Reading. Refers   to   the   recognition   of   printed   or   written   symbol,   which   serve as stimuli  Ã‚   for   the   recall. Reading  Ã‚   Interest. This   refers   to   the   pleasure   or   enjoyment   of   someone   when   interprets or understand   a   reading   materials. Sensory  Ã‚   Register. Information  Ã‚  Ã‚   from external environment is represe nted   in   its   original sensory  Ã‚   form.Scanning. The research for a specific information or for an appropriate answer to a particular question is referred to as scanning. Skimming. As   a  Ã‚   strategy,   skimming   refers   to   the   method   of   glancing   rapidly through  Ã‚  the   reading selection or text for the purpose of   extracting   the thought , the   gist   or   main   points. Short   term memory. Temporarily stores information for the learner’s use, also known as  Ã‚   the  working   memory. It   has   a   smaller   capacity   but   its representations  Ã‚   are   more   durable. Chapter 2RELATED   LITERATURE   AND   STUDIES The   literature   that   follow   are   taken   from   different   authors   that   enlighten   the researchers   on   angle   and   aspects   of   the   current   study. RELATED   LITERATURE Local   Literature Rea ding   is   a   dynamic   process   in   which  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   reader   interacts   with   the   text   to construct  Ã‚   meaning. Inherent   in   constructing   meaning   is   the   reader's   ability   to   activate prior   knowledge   use reading   strategies   and   adapt   to   the   reading   situation. (Ma. Cecilia Crudo 2005) Foreign   LiteratureThe   importance   of   vocabulary   to   life   success   makes   it   of   practical   importance   for Investigation   (Hoff 2007). Executive   functioning   refers   to   a   variety   of   related   cognitive   skills   that   involve   the ability   to   maintain   task-relevant   information   in   short-term   memory,   as   well   as   the   ability to   manipulate   this   information   through   the   engagement   of   focused   attention   (National Institute   of   Child   Health   and   Human   Development   Early   Child   Care   Research   Network [NICHD ECCRN],   2005;   Wolfe   Bell,   2007).Among   these   skills   are   working   memory and   cognitive   inhibitory   control,   both   of   which   are   associated   with   frontal   lobe   function. Children   who   are   able   to   engage   in   goal-directed   behavior   by   reducing   their   attention   to distracting   stimuli,   either   internal   or   external,   demonstrate   such   skills. When   in   a   learning situation   with   other   children   or   adults,   increasing   levels   of   shyness   may   be   associated with   a   decreased   ability   to   focus   attention   on   the   task   at   hand.Exploration   of,   and   engagement   with,   the   environment   fosters   the   developm ent   of vocabulary   (Hart, 2004; Horn & Blankson, 2005;). Family environments provide opportunities for the development of vocabulary. Individuals   who are   reared   in   home   environments   that   encourage   exploration   have   many   opportunities   for the  Ã‚   development   of   vocabulary.Indeed,  Ã‚   research  Ã‚   has   repeatedly   supported   the proposition   that   opportunities   for   productive   activity—the   extent   to   which   toys   and learning   materials   are   available   in   the   home   environment,   along   with   the   extent   to   which parents   directly   teach   their   child   concepts   and   take   their   child   to   places   and   events   that provide   enrichment–are   positively   related   to   vocabulary   (Bradley & Corwyn, 2005; Bradley,Corwyn, Burchinal, McAdoo, & Garcia Coll, 2001 ;).Research   also   indicates   that   engagement   in   productive   activities   is   related   to   attention focusing   and   memory,   both   of   which   are   elements   of   executive   functioning   (NICHD ECCRN, 2005). Swerling   (2005)   opines   that   reading   of   text-such   as   books, magazines   and newspapers,   plays   a   key   role   in   developments   of   reading   fluency   (speed   and   ease   of reading),   vocabulary,   background   and   even   spelling.Memory   is   the   means   by   which   we   retain   and   draw   on   our   past experiences   to use   that information   about   past   experience( Tulving 2000; and   Craik,2000). As   process, memory   refers   to   the   dynamic   mechanisms   associated   with   storing,   retaining,   and retrieving   information   about   past   experience (Hernandez Blase, 2003). Specifically,   cognitive psychologist   have   identified   three   common   operations   of   memory:   encoding,   storage,   and retrieval(Baddeley,2000).According   to Lockhart,(2000)   that   in   recall,   you   produce   a   fact,   a   word,   or   other item   from   memory. Fill-   in   -the-   blank   tests   require   that   you   recall   items   from   memory. in   recognition. RELATED   STUDIES Foreign   Studies According   to   Ehri and Rosenthal (2011),  Ã‚  an   experiment   with   different   assignments was   conducted   to  Ã‚   examine   the   effectiveness   of   a   technique   to   acquire   unfamiliar   English vocabulary   words   during   text   reading.Lower   socio-economic   status,   language   minority fifth   graders   (M = 10   years,   7   months   n = 62)   silentlyà ‚   read   eight   passages   each   focused on   an   uncommon   multi-syllabic   word   that   was   underlined,   embedded   in   a   meaningful context,   defined,   depicted,   and   repeated   three   times. Students   were   grouped   by   word reading   ability,   matched   into   pairs,   and   randomly   assigned   to   one   of   two   conditions. In the   strategy   condition,   students   orally   pronounced   the   underlined   words   during   silent reading.In   the   control   condition,   students   penciled   a   check   if   they   had   seen   the underlined   words   before   but   did   not   say   the   words   aloud. Results   of   ANNOVAs   showed that   the   oral   strategy   enhanced   vocabulary   learning   (ps ; . 01),   with   poorer   readers showing   bigger   effect   sizes   than    better   readers   in   remembering   pronunciation-meaning associations   and   spellings   of   the   words. In   a   second   experiment,   32   fifth   graders   from the   same   school   described   the   strategies   they   use   when   encountering   uncommon   words   in context.Better   readers   reported   more   word-level   strategies   whereas   poorer   readers reported   more   text-based   strategies. Our   explanation   is   that   application   of   the   word-level strategy   of   decoding   new   words   aloud   strengthened   connections   between   spellings, pronunciations,   and   meanings   in   memory   compared   to   silent   reading   of   new   words, particularly   among   poor   readers   who   were   less   skilled   and   less   likely   to   use   this   strategy unless   Ã‚  instruc ted   to   do   so.According   to   Derakhshan and Shahrzad (2011),   a   solid   body   of   research   findings substantiates   that   most   vocabulary,   in   first,   second   or   foreign   language,   is   learned incidentally   which   is   defined   as   learning   vocabulary   as   a   by-product   of   any   activity   not precisely   geared   to   vocabulary   learning.Therefore,   the   present   study   mainly   focused   on the   effect   of   teaching   and   intervention   in   deriving   word   meaning   on   incidental   vocabulary learning   in   EFL   context;   secondly,   it   aimed   to   find   out   whether   the   contextualized   words that   appear   with   more   clues   learned   better   and   consequently   kept   longer;   finally,   it sought   to   explore   whether   instructio n   could   lead   to   increase   in   incidental   vocabulary learning   in   the   text. To  Ã‚   these   ends,   50   freshmen   Iranian   college   students   from   Teacher Training   University   of   Azerbaijan   participated   in   this   study.These students enrolled for the reading class in   two   separate   semesters. The results   of   the   TOEFL   and   Vocabulary Level   Test   (VLT)   revealed   that   the   participants   enjoyed   approximately   the   same   level   of proficiency. There   were   two   post-tests   which   were   taken   at   certain   time   intervals. The results   of   this   study   showed   that   the   instruction   in   deriving   word   meaning   had   positive effect   on   students'   incidental   vocabulary   learning. Also   it   was   concluded   that   students should   meet    the   words   in   contextualized   forms   more   frequently   in   order   to   keep   and retain   them   in   the   long   run.Beck,   McKeown and Kucan, (2002), there   is   tremendous   need   for   more vocabulary   instruction   at all   grade   levels   by   all   teachers. The   number   of   words   that students   need   to   learn   is   exceedingly   large; on   average   students   should   add   2,000  Ã‚   to 3,000   new   words   a   year   to   their   reading   vocabularies. Students who enter school   with limited   vocabulary   knowledge. At   first-grade, high – performing   students,   but   that differential   gets   magnified   each   year, resulting   in igh-performing   12th   grade   students knowing   about   four   times   as   many   words   as   the   low-performing   12th graders(Hart and Risley, 2001). According   to   Hirch(2003), word   knowledge   is   crucial   to   reading   comprehension and   determines   how   well   students   will   be   able   to   comprehend   the texts   they   read   in middle  Ã‚   and   high   school. Comprehension  Ã‚   is far more than  Ã‚   recognizing words and remembering  Ã‚   their  meanings. However,   if   a   student’s   does   not   know   the   meanings   of   a sufficient   proportion   of   the   words   in   the   text,   comprehension   is   impossible.Vocabulary experts   agree   that   adequate   reading   comprehension   depends   on   a person   already knowing   between   90   and   95   percent   of   the   words  Ã‚   in   a text. Knowing at   least   90 percent   of   the   words   enable   the   reader   to   get   the   main   idea   fro m   the  Ã‚   reading   and guess what   many   of   the   unfamiliar   words   mean,   which   will   help   them   learn   new   words. Readers  Ã‚   do   not   recognize   at   least   90   percent  Ã‚  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   words   will   not   only  Ã‚   have difficulty   comprehending   the   text,   but   they   will   miss   out   on   the   opportunity   to   learn   new words.Piksuki  Ã‚   and   Chard   (2003),   young   children   naturally   learn   to communicate through listening  Ã‚   and  Ã‚   speaking. In order   to   make   the   transition   to   communicating   through   reading and  Ã‚   writing,   they   need   a   large   meaning   vocabulary   and effective decoding  Ã‚   skills. There   is an  Ã‚   abundance   of  Ã‚   research   evidence   to   show   that   an   effective   decoding  Ã‚   strate gy   allow student   not   only   to   identify   printed   words   accurately   but   to   do   so   rapidly   and automatically. Juel  Ã‚   at   al. 2003)   showed   that   while   teachers  Ã‚   in   kindergarten spent  Ã‚   considerable time   reading   and  Ã‚   discussing   books  Ã‚   to   children   with   below   average  Ã‚   vocabularies,   these activities   had   minimal   impact   on   the   progress   of   the   children. Only   when   teachers   spent focused   on   time   on   the   vocabulary   did   significant   growth   occur . We   apply   the   term â€Å"instructional   read   aloud†Ã‚  Ã‚   to   read   aloud   events   where,   to   stimulate   an   interest   in   books in   reading,   there   also   a   deliberate   teaching   of   skills   that will   promote   independence   in reading,    such   as   an   increased   vocabulary.Local   studies According   to  Garcia (2006)  Ã‚  if   children   will not   read,   they   are   less   likely   to   develop automatically,   vocabulary   and   concepts   about   the   world   as   well   as   intrinsic   motivation   to read. In   a   book   by   Villamin   et   al,   (2001)   different   levels   of   thinking   was   classified with   interaction   between   the   reader   and   the   text   may   occur,   which   are   literal,   inferential, critical,   and   creative. However,   it   is   in   the   creative   level   of   comprehension   that   the reading,   in   its   fullest   sense,   is   said   to   truly   occur.Dr. Thomas   C. Barrett   developed   a   taxonomy   now   popular   known as   â€Å"The   Barrett   Taxonomy   of   Re ading   Comprehension†Ã‚   to   meet   the   needs   of   teachers and   instructional   materials   developers  Ã‚  Ã‚   who   wanted   a   systematic,   structural   approach   to teaching   reading   skills. (Alcantara   et   al, 2003) Literal   comprehension   is   the   understanding   of   surface   meanings   or   idea   that are   explicitly   printed   in   reading   materials. It   is   merely   determining   what   the   writer   or idea   that   are   explicitly   printed   in   reading   material.It   is   merely   determining   what   the is   conveying. Comprehending   at   the   inferential   level   involves   determining   relationships and   drawing   from   these   the   writer’s   intended   meanings   which   are   implied   in   the   reading material. Reading   at   the   critical   level   requires   the   reader   to   judge   the   worth   of   ideas presented   and   the   effectiveness of   presentation. Reading   at   the   creative   level   involves   the integration   of  Ã‚   bright   ideas   read   with   prior   knowledge   and   experience   so   that   the   new ideas   and   deeper   insights   are   formed.This   levels   of   comprehension   follow   an   ascending sequence   of   difficulty  Ã‚   and   complexity   of   thinking – with   literal   comprehension   as   the lowest   level   while   creative   comprehension   at   the   highest. Thus,   comprehension   is   not   just â€Å"understanding,†Ã‚  Ã‚   but   feeling   the   emotional   experience   embedded,   reasoning,   judging,   and creating. This   thinking   processes   may   not   necessarily follow   a   hierarchal    sequence   for   the reason   that   comprehension   may   occur   any   level   of   thinking. All   reading   require   a considerable   amount   of   understanding   the   literal   sense â€Å"of   what   is   read.    And   fully   gain   from   the   reading   experience   and enjoy   it   as   well,   the reader   must   go   beyond   the   literal   level   of   comprehension   and   reach   the   heights   of   the creative   level. In   some   classroom,  Ã‚  teachers   are   trying   out   several   techniques   to   see   which would   facilitate   comprehension   –   language   experience,   dimensional   approach,   program instruction,   diagnostic   – prescriptive   method,   semantic   webbing/mapping,   story   grammar etc. The   last   approach   seems   to   offer   possibilities   of   integrating   some   basic communication   skills   that   enhance   comprehension.A   careful   scrutiny   however,   reveals that   the   grammar   is   not   an   entirely   new   technique. (Alcantara et al, 2003) Assessment   of   Related   Literature   and   Studies The   related   literature   summed –   up   has   significant   relationship   with   the   present  study   for   the   reason   of   presenting   the   definition   of   the   word   reading   and   its   significance  in   vocabulary   development,   the   importance   of   interests   in   reading   and   it   also   enumerated  different   reading   materials   which   is   subject   of   this   present   day.The   study   conducted   by  foreign   and   local   researchers   has   bearing   because   of the   other   similarities    of   other  variables   with   the   present   study. The     researchers   of   the   present   study   cleared   that   there  is   no   duplication,   the   similarities   are   necessary   to   find   out   if   the   findings   are   true   and  valid   in   other   places. Synthesis In reading, one must  possess  a  wide  range  of  vocabulary. A reader’s vocabulary is valuable in reading comprehension. A   reader   with   a   good   amount   of   words   in   his vocabulary   is   able   to   grasp   the   meaning   of   the   words.One   disadvantage   of   a   poor vocabulary   is   the   reader   will   consume   more   time   in   searching   for   the   meaning   of   a certain   word. Chapter 3 RESEARCH   METHODOLOGY The   objective   of   the   research   would   not   be   realized   without   a   plan   or   strategy. This   chapter   presents   the   method,   instrument   use,   source   of   data,   validation, administration,   and   collection   of questionnaires,   presentations   of   the   respondents   of   the study,   and   the   statistical   treatment   of   the   data. Research   DesignThe   researchers   used   the   descriptive   method   of   research   to   elicit   answer   to   the statement   of   the   problem   in   the   study. Descriptive   research   is   defined   by   Arevalo (2005),   as   a   fact   finding   research with   sufficient   interpretation. The   researchers   used   this   research   design   because   the   main purpose   of   descriptive  Ã‚   method   is   to   measure   the   variable   or   factors   in   a   certain   study. Thus,   this   surv ey   can   measure   the  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills   of   Education   students   at Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. Respondents  Ã‚   of  the  StudyThe  Ã‚   subject  of  Ã‚   this  study   consisted   of selected First   Year   Education   students   at Pamantasan  Ã‚   ng   Cabuyao. Their   total   Ã‚  population  Ã‚   is   equal   to   130. The   proponents   is   able to   select   98   of   its   members 75%  Ã‚  of   their   total   number. In   simple   random   sampling   technique   was   utilized   in   choosing   the   sample members. In   determining   sample   size,   the   Slovin’s   formula   was   used. The   computation   of the   sample   size   was   given   below. N=  Ã‚  Ã‚   =  =  = 98 Where   n =   sample   size;   N = population   size;   and   e = margin   of   error   (either   0. 01   or   0. 05) Development  Ã‚   of   Research   InstrumentsIn  Ã‚  Ã‚   preparation  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the  Ã‚   questionnaire   the   major   research  Ã‚   instrument  Ã‚   used  Ã‚  Ã‚   by   the researchers   is   the   consultation   of   several   knowledgeable   persons and   gathering   of information   through   educational   books. The   researchers   also   make   it   a   point   that   the items   are   sufficient   enough  Ã‚   to   answer   all the   specific   questions   under   the statement   of   the problem. After   the   final   draft   of   the   questionnaire,   the   researchers   submitted   it   to   the thesis   adviser   for   necessary   corrections,   after   which   it   was   finalized. Data   Gathering   ProcedureThe   researchers   conducted   this   study   and   gathered   data   by   distributing que stionnaires   to   be   answered   by   selected   respondents. Before   working   on   this   research, the   researchers   asked   the   permission   of   the   Dean   of   College   of   Education   at   Pamantasan ng   Cabuyao   to   conduct   the   study   through   the   distribution   of   questionnaire   to   the respondents. After   the   researchers   has   secured   the   letter   of   permission   from   the   Dean,   the researchers   personally   administered   the   distribution   of   questionnaire   to   the   respondents   in their   respective   classroom.After   the   respondents   had   answered   the   questionnaire,   the   researchers   checked   the answer   sheets. The raw scores were collected and tallied in tables. The results were analyzed and interpreted in the light of the goals of the   study. Validation   ofà ‚   Research   Instrument For   validation   purposes,   the   researchers   read   several   theses   and   consulted   English teachers   for   the   questionnaire. It   was   validated   through   the   students   of   the   same   level from   other   school   before   it   was   administered   to   the   respondents. Statistical Treatment of DataAfter  Ã‚   the   data   gathering,   the   data   were   tallied,   analyzed,   and   interpreted   using statistical   tools. To   determine   if  Ã‚   there   is   a   relationship   between  Ã‚   exposure  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   reading  Ã‚   materials  and  Ã‚   vocabulary  Ã‚   skills   of     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Selected   First Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao ,the correlation  Ã‚   was  Ã‚   established  Ã‚   using  Ã‚   Pearson  Ã‚   Coefficient  Ã‚   of Correlation. (http://davidmlane. com/hyperstat/A51911. html) The formula is Where: N –  number of respondents X –  first variable Y  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  second variable r   -relationship The   following   are   the   statistical   treatment   applied   in   the study.The   frequency   and percent   distributions   were   used   in   presenting   the   reading   materials   in   developing   the vocabulary   skills   of   first   year   education   students   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. The percentage   formula   is: %=  Ã‚   x 100% Total   frequency 1. Percentage 2. Weighted   mean 3. Pearson   Value Interpretation   for   Computed   Mean |Weighted   Mean |Interpretation |Symbol | |0. 505-1. 500 |Never |N | |1. 505-2. 00 |Seldom |Se | |2. 505-3. 500 |Sometimes |So | |3. 505-4. 500 |Often |O | |4. 505-5. 500 |Always |A | 4. Test   of   Hypothesis Tc   l = r Decision   rule: At   5%   level   of   significance, If   tc